Investigators may have uncovered the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of mpox infections in patients who have had past infections or vaccination, according to a recent study published by Hazra et al in The Lancet Infectious Diseases. A team of international collaborators supplied data from 37 patients who had confirmed mpox infections—29 of whom had received two Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic vaccine courses between May 11, 2022 and June 30, 2023. The investigators found that the patients who had had been infected with mpox postvaccination experienced fewer lesions, were less likely to have mucosal disease, and had less severe analgesia requirements. Similarly, those who had been reinfected with mpox after an initial infection experienced a shorter disease course and lower mucosal involvement as a result of previous immunity. The investigators reported that none of the patients experienced death or bacterial superinfections. They concluded that although mpox vaccines were not fully protective against future infections, they did reduce disease duration and severity upon reinfection.